Characteristics Of A Red Orange - 1643 Words

C. Tertiary Colors: a. Red-Orange - This can be made when trying to create the secondary colors by adding more red to yellow, instead of having equal parts of red and yellow it would be two parts red and one part yellow. b. Red-Violet - This can be made when trying to create the secondary colors by adding more red to blue, instead of having equal parts of red and blue it would be two parts red and one part blue. c. Yellow-Orange - This can be made when trying to create the secondary colors by adding more yellow to red, instead of having equal parts of red and yellow it would be two parts yellow and one part red. d. Yellow-Green - This can be made when trying to create the secondary colors by adding more yellow to blue, instead of having equal parts of blue and yellow it would be two parts yellow and one part blue. e. Blue - Violet - This can be made when trying to create the secondary colors by adding more blue to red, instead of having equal parts of red and blue it would be two parts blue and one part red. f. Blue-Green - This can be made when trying to create the secondary colors by adding more blue to yellow, instead of having equal parts of blue and yellow it would be two parts blue and one part yellow. D. Neutrals: a. Brown - Created by mixing 10% red and 2% yellow to make a dark orange, add 5-10% blue and then continue to add in blue until creating the desired brown, however, by adding too much color it can make a muddy black. Can also be created by usingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Emotions Associated With Every Color608 Words   |  3 Pagesoften thought of as being red, orange and yellow. Red is a very powerful color. It is often thought of as being warm, having strength and excitement. It is the most eye catching color, people with red cars often get the most speeding tickets. The effect of using red stop lights all around the world is a huge example of how powerful it is. Aggressiveness could be a negative association with the color red. Since blood is red it could be a factor of the negative association. Orange is a very â€Å"fun† colorRead MoreWhat Color Bead Bug?1042 Words   |  5 Pagesorganism s fitness and the type of environment (Biology 460). â€Å"The difference in rates of survival and reproduction is called survival of the fittest† (Biology 460). Organisms with characteristics that are suited for the environment have the ability to survive and reproduce. However, organisms that have characteristics that are not suited for the environment have a low survival rate and have a limited number of offspring (Biology 460). Natural selection relates to the lab because only certain coloredRead More Leonard Koscianskis Red Fish is More than Meets the Eye1041 Words   |  4 Pages Description At first glance, the Red Fish looks like a decoration piece that someone would hang in their home or lake house for decoration. However, with a more in depth look, viewers will see that this painting illustrates much more than it appears. In 1990, Leonard Koscianski used a piece of canvas, 64’’x46’’ to paint the image of a fish out of water. Koscianski used oil and dark shades of red, orange, blue, green, and white to create the Red Fish. The Red Fish was painted vertically with theRead MoreMM Candies: A Statistical Analysis626 Words   |  3 Pagesopened, the different colors of candies separated, and each color was counted in the sample. The results were as follows: blue 1,249, orange 1,270, green 1,002, yellow 763, red 798, and brown 761, with the total number of candies at 5,843 for the total sample population. Color proportions were calculated as follows: blue 21.38%, orange 21.74%, green 17.15%, yellow 13.06%, red 13.66%, and brown 13.02% of the total sample. Part II Statistical analysis was performed with results as follows: the meanRead MoreHow to Conduct a Flame Test1174 Words   |  5 Pagesenergy. Eventually, these electrons fall back to their ground state, re-emitting the absorbed energy in the form of light. Because each atom has a unique structure and arrangement of electrons, each atom emits a unique spectrum of light. The characteristic light is the basis for the chemical test known as a flame test. In this test, the atoms are excited by being placed within a flame. As they re-emit the absorbed energy in the form of light, the color of the flame changes. For most metals, theseRead MoreOxygen Bearing Compounds1663 Words   |  7 PagesBiology University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines Abstract Five oxygen-bearing organic compounds were given namely Methanol, 2-propanol, tert - butanol, formalin, and acetone. Different tests were done to each sample to differentiate their characteristics. These test were Dichromate test, Tollens Test, DNPH test, Iodoform Test, and Lucas Test. This was conducted to classify the samples from being a primary alcohol, a secondary alcohol, a tertiary alcohol, aldehyde, or a ketone. Introduction InRead MoreGeneration Gummy Bear : An Experimental Lab1481 Words   |  6 Pageschallenging. In this experiment, students worked in small groups to determine the parental (P) generations of 196 gummy bears. The gummy bear candy appealed to student appetites and the chosen phenotypic characteristic were easy to choose because gummy bears come in numerous colors (red, green, orange, yellow and colorless). Students will be able to establish which genetic information, including genotype, phenotype, dominant traits, and recessive traits, were passed from the P generation to the F1Read MoreCarrots1059 Words   |  5 PagesCarrots The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus, Etymology: from Late Latin carÃ… ta, from Greek ÃŽ ºÃŽ ±Ã ÃÅ'Ï„Î ¿ÃŽ ½ karÃ… ton, originally from the Indo-European root ker- (horn), due to its horn-like shape) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, red, white, and yellow varieties exist. It has a crisp texture when fresh. The most commonly eaten part of a carrot is a taproot, although the greens are edible as well. It is a domesticated form of the wild carrot Daucus carota, nativeRead MoreResult of Observation: Flame Test 1152 Words   |  5 PagesYellowish Orange NaClSodium chloride Colorless crystal Cl+ Yellowish Orange LiNO3Lithium nitrate Colorless crystal Li+ Red BaNO3Barium nitrate White crystal Ba ² Bright yellow, lime yellow Sr(NO3) 2Strontium nitrate White crystal Sr ² Dark red Cu(NO3)2Cupric nitrate Blue crystal Cu ² Green, bluish green. Ca(NO3) 2Calcium nitrate White crystal Ca ² Redish orange KNO3Potassium nitrate Colourless crystal. K+ Light purple Unknown #1 Colorless crystal Red Unknown #2 White crystal Redish orange UnknownRead MoreAnalysis Of Alley By The Lake Leonid Afremov995 Words   |  4 Pagescontrasts color schemes and the robustness of the tree to mirror the personalities of the man in the painting. The most prominent element is the clashing colors of the trees on either side of the painting. The trees on the left side exhibit blazing orange, fiery red, fluorescent yellow, leaves suggesting the trees are full of life. The sole tree on the right is barren aside from the hint of reddish-purple leaves on the top of the tree. The lifeless tree exposes the colors of the night sky revealing shades

Vijayawada in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh Free Essays

A quadruplet is a multiplier that is lifted by four rotors. Unlike traditional helicopters, the quadruplet use 2 sets of propellers with 2 clockwise and 2 anti- clockwise. It was first designed by Louis Brute in 1907. We will write a custom essay sample on Vijayawada in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now It lifted off the ground by using four propellers In four different directions. Although It could only go up for several feet, it was a great step for the development of quadruplets. More than a decade later, in the asses, more engineers and scientists developed their own types f oratorical. Edmond Machine, a French engineer and helicopter designer, successfully designed a multiplier with four rotors that were installed at the ends of four arms. It provided a very high stability at that time and marked a record of 360 meters traveling distance. As time has passed, the quadruplet has changed into different styles and models. In asses-1 sass, the world was undergoing a very rapid economic development. There was a huge demand for transportation of Industrial materials. The quadruplet was a machine that people always prefer to use. However, due to lack improvement of the quadruplet, it was still not adopted for industrial use. In recent years, many small scale quadruplet are widely used in many ways. As there are many advanced airplanes, quadruplets are no longer under consideration as a means to transport people or commodities. Instead, they are used in different areas, like ordnance surveying, rescue support, film taking etc. Nowadays, quadruplets are always equipped with a camera. The data recorded by a quadruplet can be directly sent to a computer or saved in a storage system. During the Chuan earthquake In 2008, landslides blocked miles of country roads and properties. The rescuers could not enter the affected area. Also, airplanes could land or fly over some of these remote areas. The situation in the affected area remained unknown for the rescuers. The quadruplet help people to assess the damage quickly and more accurately in the remote areas. The ID robotics quadruplet, supported by a simple GAPS controlled through a computer, allowed the rescue teams to locate the affected areas. As the quadruplet is small in size and invulnerable, it can travel to very inaccessible places. We no longer need to rely on expensive alternatives like helicopters. Another common application of the quadruplet Is video and film taking. In the old days, if we want to take some scenes in the sky, we would probably need to use an airplane to help us. However, it is very difficult for an airplane to fly between skyscrapers and along narrow streets like In Hong Kong. Yet, but using a quadruplet can help the directors to achieve this goal. Since the quadruplet can be controlled by remote control or through computer programs, people can control their quadruplet to any direction they like. No matter whether you are standing on a cliff, or in I OFF flexibility and effectiveness of film making. The above applications are not those which are common in most people’s lives. Many people cannot afford to buy a quadruplet. Even if they could afford one, there are few ways that they could use it. However, in the future, we will have a chance to see hundreds of quadruplets flying over our heads. The world largest online retailer Amazon introduced a new delivery system-?Prime Air. This futuristic system allows customers to get their ordered packages into their hands within half an hour via unmanned aerial vehicles. The specially designed aerial vehicle is based on a prototype of a quadruplet. There are clamps to hold a box under the copter. The aerial vehicle is equipped with and tracked by a very precise GAPS system. It can even direct the copter outside the shopper’s doorstep. In the future, the world’s population will keep increasing. Land will become more crowded. Other than open up underground areas, the air space is expected to open p when we have better technology capabilities. As online shopping is growing in popularity, the Prime Air not only can boost the efficiency and economic growth, it can greatly reduce the demand for land transportation. To make Prime Air practicable, many weaknesses need to be considered and solved. What people discuss the most is safety. People will probably feel frightened and worried when they see a flying machine whizzing Just ten meters above their heads. People will also wonder whether the clamps strong enough to hold the box without dropping it. Although the copter is tracked by a very accurate GAPS system, there are many physical obstacles like trees, streetlights, advertisements and even construction sites which are not shown or frequently updated in the system. The technologies nowadays may not be capable to direct the unmanned aerial vehicles to keep away from these obstacles. This puts a restriction on sending a copter to crowded and busy areas like Hong Kong or New York. In the meantime, engineers needs to consider other problems like weather, battery life, load capacity and security. A quadruplet for goods delivery use needs some kind f design to protect the electronic components inside it and this type of service would be highly susceptible to the weather conditions. If the quadruplet could only operate on dry days, the whole concept may somewhat lose it’s meaning of effective delivery. What’s more, there is no one guard the copter. How can we ensure it can safely and accurately fly to the destination? There are still many things need to deal with in the future to make an application like this a reality. In the future, accoutered will be more commonly used in different aspects. How to cite Vijayawada in the Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh, Papers

Accounting for Decistion Makers free essay sample

The Question: Charlie and Maribelle Brown have owned and operated a retail furniture store for more than 20 years. They have employed an independent CPA during this time to prepare various sales tax, payroll tax, and income tax returns, as well as financial statements for themselves and the bank from which they have borrowed money from time to time. They are considering selling the store but are uncertain about how to establish an asking price. Prepare a brief written answer (no more than a couple of paragraphs) about what type of information is likely to be included in the material prepared by the CPA that may help the Browns establish an asking price for the store. Assignment #1Reviewing the past and present financial statements prepared by their CPA, would allow the Browns to trend historical data such as cash flow and cost of operations. This, coupled with the current and projected economic climate as well as current and projected cost of living, would help the Browns to understand how much they spend to keep their business running as well as how much they’ve profited over time. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting for Decistion Makers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although the information provided in the financial statements is not a concrete indicator, it is a good gauge of how the Browns’ business will perform in the future. Unless major economic changes or other unforeseen circumstances occur, historical performance often tends to remain constant. The Browns would be able to use most of the information provided by their CPA to determine a fair asking price for their retail furniture store.

What is a Dedicated Server (And When Do You Need One)

Much like many other new site owners, you probably opted for shared hosting when you first launched your website. After all, it’s the cheapest option, and budget is important. However, as your website grows, it’s important to know when to upgrade to something more substantial. There are plenty of options, and you may have pondered, What is a dedicated server – and why do I need one?The answer lies in the reasons for wanting to upgrade in the first place. For example, you may be dealing with a rise in immediate traffic, or anticipating growth in the near future. Dedicated servers are ideal for this, along with their strong enhanced security features and potential positive impact on page loading times.In this guide, we’ll explain what dedicated servers are, then compare this type of hosting to other common types. Then we’ll offer some advice on how to decide whether or not dedicated hosting is right for you. Let’s get started! Dedicated hosting essentially means that your website has its own server all to itself. It offers immense power and flexibility, but usually comes at a premium. As such, its important to do your research before opting to purchase this type of plan.For example, most websites start out with a shared hosting plan but soon grow to exceed that cheap shared plans limits. Your options here could include an upgrade to a virtual private server (VPS) or a dedicated one. Its up to you to weigh up the different options.As you may be aware, shared hosting stores  your site on a server with potentially hundreds of others. For personal blogs or very small businesses, this option is sufficient. However, its not the best option for performance, and you also lose out on flexibility because you cant configure things yourself (since you have to share with others).On the other hand, a VPS gives your site its own space, separate from other sites, while still sharing a server. Since your site is blocked off from other u sers, its performance will likely be more consistent. You also get a little more flexibility when it comes to how your server is configured.These types of plans can offer you the speed you need at a lower cost than dedicated hosting, and represent a good middle ground for those looking to upgrade.However, dedicated hosting is the plan of choice if you need the most power for your money. However, as youd expect, the downside is cost, and some run up to three-figures per month. Fortunately, by the time your website needs one to handle its traffic, it may very well be worth it.Why would you need a dedicated server (4 key reasons)?As we mentioned, dedicated hosting is one of the most powerful server plans available, along with cloud hosting. However, you may be asking whether you need it. Lets review four reasons you should consider opening your wallet!1. Your website is growing and needs to be able to handle an increase in trafficIf you anticipate that your website is going to grow qui ckly, it might be a good idea to opt for a dedicated server now. For example, if your site is still using shared hosting when your traffic spikes, its performance could drop significantly. This can be a slippery slope of higher bounce rates and loss of revenue.  Its important to give yourself time to migrate your site and settle its performance before any potential problems arise.According to FXBlog, your site should be prepared to handle spikes of up to  30 times  your normal daily traffic, to account for promotions and special events. If youre not prepared, your site could crash or otherwise lead to a negative user experience (UX).2. Security is a concern for your websiteSecurity is important for every website, but especially for those handling sensitive information. This could include confidential emails, credit card numbers, or sensitive customer information. Its crucial to protect this information and your website from viruses, hacks, and other risks.With a dedicated serv er, youre completely in charge of your sites security. This means you can optimize the features you need for the specific requirements of your website and stored files. Of course, youre also responsible for how these features are implemented, but this is one of the benefits of flexibility.However, some hosts offer fully-managed and semi-managed maintenance plans. In a nutshell, you can often specify what both you and your host will be responsible for, which means you can trust an expert with mission-critical functionality, while handling all other concerns directly.3. Youd like your page loading times to be optimalYour page loading times can have a significant impact on practically all aspects of your website. Slow pages can lead to low engagement metrics and high bounce rates. A dedicated server can help you to optimize this aspect of your website as much as possible.On a shared server, you won’t have any insight into when the server’s resources are being used elsewhe re, which could make your site run slowly. Opting for a dedicated server will guarantee you have the bandwidth you need to enhance your page loading times.4. Having control over your server is important to youThe final reason you may want to choose a dedicated server over other options is a simple one: control. Weve alluded to this in previous sections, but dedicated hosting gives you complete responsibility over how you choose to use your server.For example, youre even free to choose the server software you prefer. If you favor the resource control of NGINX over Apache, you have the power to do so. Plus, you can adjust hardware specifications and install your own operating system (OS).  Because of this, dedicated hosting may be an enticing option for advanced web developers, and those with unique and specific requirements.Where can you get dedicated hosting?Youll find that many of the popular hosting companies offer plans on the whole spectrum of complexity and price. This means that youll often find a cheap shared hosting setups and powerful dedicated servers from the same company.Some of our favorites are:Bluehost from $79.99/moA2 Hosting from $99.59/moSiteGround from $269.00/moWhen should you opt for a dedicated server?Now weve gone over some of the benefits of dedicated hosting, lets talk briefly about how to know if its right for you. After all, a VPS provides many of the same features, but at a cheaper price.First, consider whether your site is receiving more traffic. If the numbers are much higher than previously, it may be time to upgrade from your current plan. Your choice will either be VPS, cloud hosting, or dedicated hosting.All three offer the potential for large bandwidths and fast page loading times. However, dedicated hosting has an edge over a VPS when it comes to security, if only because you have absolute control over how the server runs and operates.Ultimately, as with many other WordPress considerations, your decision will depend on the specific needs of your website. Certainly, if budget is no concern, you cant go wrong with a dedicated server. However, much like choosing your very first hosting plan, cost will become a primary concern when making your decision.Conclusion on what is a dedicated serverIf your website is struggling to keep up with an increase in traffic, it may be time to migrate your website to a dedicated server. This is essentially a server that only hosts your site, and not only can it improve your sites performance, but also enhance your page loading times and help you optimize security. You want to have control over every aspect of your server.Do you have any questions about dedicated servers and why you might need one? Ask away in the comments section below!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips. * This post contains affiliate links, which means that if you click on one of the product links and then purc hase the product, well receive a small fee. No worries though, youll still pay the standard amount so theres no cost on your part.

How to Teach the Past Perfect Continuous

How to Teach the Past Perfect Continuous Teaching the past perfect continuous is sometimes a choice. On the one hand, to complete the overview of each tense the past perfect continuous needs to be included. On the other hand, the past perfect continuous is rarely used by native speakers in their daily activities. The choice whether to teach this tense should,  therefore, be made based on a student needs analysis: Do the students need to understand the past perfect continuous for use on exams such as the TOEFL or Cambridge exams, or is the focus of the class more on communication skills. If the class needs the tense for academic tests, a quick once-over of the past perfect continuous is probably worthwhile. Teaching this tense should be relatively easy as students will be familiar with the concepts from having learned the present perfect continuous and the future perfect continuous. Introducing the Past Perfect Continuous Introduce the present perfect continuous by speaking about a past event of some import. For example, speaking about a situation in which people were asked to wait for a long period, or some other anticipatory action took place. A good example might be an exciting new product release by Apple. Duration of a Past Activity The customers had been waiting for three hours just to get in the door when the store finally opened.Jennifer said she had bee saving her money to buy the new iPhone. Another example could be a test that students have recently taken. In this case, you can also ask some questions: How long had you been studying for the TOEFL when you took it?Had you been working together before you took the test? Result of a Past Activity Students should also understand the past perfect continuous can be used to express the cause of something that happened in the past. To introduce this usage, tell a story about something unusual that happened in the past and use the past perfect continuous to relate, comment and speculate as to the cause: There was a horrible car crash yesterday on I-5. Apparently, one driver had been texting and didnt see that the other driver had stopped. Not only that, but it had been raining for a few hours so the conditions were awful. Use in the Third Conditional Form The past perfect continuous is also sometimes used in the third, or past unreal, conditional form. Its worthwhile pointing this out to students, but also reminding them that the past perfect is generally used. The exception is that the past perfect conditional is used to focus on a specific moment in time in the past. If I had been working on that project, we would have got the contract.He wouldnt have been in the accident if he hadnt been texting while driving. Practicing the Present Perfect Continuous Explaining the Past Perfect Continuous on the Board Use a past perfect continuous timeline to illustrate the relationship of the tense to a past event. The construction is a little complicated, so providing a quick grammar chart can also help with understanding. Subject had been verb(ing) objects We had been working for twelve hours by the time we finished the project.Susan had been complaining for weeks when he finally purchased her the new car. Activities Lesson activities should include a thorough comparison of the when to use the perfect or perfect continuous form. A great lesson for this can be adapted by this lesson comparing the present perfect simple and continuous. Take the biography of someone from the past, students then ask questions using either the past perfect of the past perfect continuous to ask and answer questions based on the biography. Student 1: How many years had he studied law before he became a judge?Student 2: He had studied law for ten years before his appointment. Student 1: What had she been doing before she moved to Texas?Student 2: She had been working for a designer in New York.

How to Write a Business Report for English Learners

How to Write a Business Report for English Learners If you would like to learn how to write a business report in English follow these tips and use the example report as a template on which to base your own business report. First of all, business reports provide important information for management that is timely and factual. English learners writing business reports need to make sure that the language is precise and concise. The writing style used for business reports should present information without strong opinions, but rather as direct and accurately as possible. Linking language should be used to connect ideas and sections of the business report. This example business report presents the four essentials that every business report should include: Terms of Reference Terms of reference refer to the terms on which the business report is written. Procedure The procedure describes the method that was used to collect data for the report. Findings The findings describe the data or other important information the report produced. Conclusions Conclusions are drawn on the findings which provide reasons for recommendations.   Recommendations The recommendations are specific suggestions made based on the conclusions of the report.   Read the short example business report and follow the tips below. Teachers can print these examples for use in class in lessons using sound teaching writing strategies. Reports: Example Report Terms of Reference Margaret Anderson, Director of Personnel has requested this report on employee benefits satisfaction. The report was to be submitted to her by 28 June. Procedure A representative selection of 15% of all employees were interviewed in the period between April 1st and April 15th concerning: Overall satisfaction with our current benefits packageProblems encountered when dealing with the personnel departmentSuggestions for the improvement of communication policiesProblems encountered when dealing with our HMO Findings Employees were generally satisfied with the current benefits package.Some problems were encountered when requesting vacation due to what is perceived as long approval waiting periods.Older employees repeatedly had problems with HMO prescription drugs procedures.Employees between the ages of 22 and 30 report few problems with HMO.Most employees complain about the lack of dental insurance in our benefits package.The most common suggestion for improvement was for the ability to process benefits requests online. Conclusions Older employees, those over 50, are having serious problems with our HMOs ability to provide prescription drugs.Our benefits request system needs to be revised as most complaints concerning in-house processing.Improvements need to take place in personnel department response time.Information technology improvements should be considered as employees become more technologically savvy. Recommendations Meet with HMO representatives to discuss the serious nature of complaints concerning prescription drug benefits for older employees.Give priority to vacation request response time as employees need faster approval in order to be able to plan their vacations.Take no special actions for the benefits package of younger employees.Discuss the possibility of adding an online benefits requests system to our company Intranet. Important Points to Remember A report is divided into four areas:Terms of Reference- This section gives background information on the reason for the report. It usually includes the person requesting the report.Procedure- The procedure provides the exact steps taken and methods used for the report.Findings- The findings point out discoveries made during the course of the report investigation.Conclusions- The conclusions provide logical conclusions based on the findings.Recommendations- The recommendations state actions that the writer of the report feels need to be taken based on the findings and conclusions.Reports should be concise and factual. Opinions are given in the conclusions section. However, these opinions should be based on facts presented in the findings.Use simple tenses (usually the present simple) to express facts.Use the imperative form (Discuss the possibility ..., Give priority ..., etc.) in the recommendations section as these apply to the company as a whole. Continue learning about other types of business documents using these resources: MemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans Business memos are written to an entire office. When writing business memos make sure to clearly mark for whom the memo is intended, the reason for writing the memo and who is writing the memo. Memos tend to inform colleagues of office and procedural changes that apply to a large group of people. They often provide instructions using the imperative voice. Here is an example memo with follow-up important points to use when  writing business  memos in English. Example Memo From: Management To: Northwest Area Sales Staff RE:  New Monthly Reporting System We’d like to quickly go over some of the changes in the new monthly sales reporting system that we discussed at Monday’s special meeting. First of all, wed once again like to stress that this new system will save you a lot of time when reporting future sales. We understand that you have concerns about the amount of time that will be initially required for inputting your client data. Despite this initial effort, we are confident that you will all soon enjoy the benefits of this new system. Here is a look at the procedure you will need to follow to complete your areas client list: Log on to the company  website  at picklesandmore.comEnter your user ID and password. These will be issued next week.Once you have logged on, click on New Client.Enter the appropriate client information.Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you have entered all of your clients.Once this information has been entered, select Place Order.Choose the client from the  drop down  list Clients.Choose the products from the  drop down  list Products.Choose the shipping specifications from the  drop down  list Shipping.Click on the Process Order button. As you can see, once you have entered the appropriate client information, processing orders will require NO paperwork on your part. Thank you all for your help in putting this new system into place. Best regards, Management Important Points to Remember Use the following structure to begin a memo:MEMOFrom: (person or group sending the memo)To: (person or group to whom the memo is addressed)RE:  (the subject of the memo, this should be in  bold)The term memorandum can be used instead of memo.A memo is generally is not as formal as a written letter. However, it is certainly not as informal  as a personal letter.The tone of a memo is generally friendly as it is a communication between colleagues.Keep the memo concise and to the point.If necessary, introduce the reason for the memo with a short paragraph.Use bullet points to explain the most important steps in a process.Use a short thank you to finish the memo. This need not be as formal as in a written letter. ReportsMemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans To learn how to write a business email, remember the following: Business emails are generally less formal than  business letters. Business emails written to colleagues are generally direct and ask for specific actions to be taken. Its important to keep your business emails short, as the easier it is to reply to an email the more likely it is that a business contact will reply quickly.   Example 1: Formal The first example shows how to write a formal business email. Note the less formal Hello in the salutation combined with a more formal style in the actual email. Hello, I read on your  website  that you offer Music CD copying for large quantities of CDs. Id like to inquire about the procedures involved in these services. Are the files transferred online, or are the titles sent by CD to you by standard mail? How long does it usually take to produce approximately 500 copies? Are there any discounts on such a large quantity? Thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. I look forward to your response. Jack FinleySales Manager, Young Talent Inc.(709) 567 - 3498 Example 2: Informal The second example shows how to write an informal email. Notice the more conversational tone throughout the email. Its as if the writer were speaking on the phone.   At 16.22 01/07 0000, you wrote: I hear youre working on the Smith account. If you need any information dont hesitate to get in contact with me. Hi Tom, Listen, weve been working on the Smith account and I was wondering if you could give me a hand? I need some inside information on recent developments over there. Do you think you could pass on any information you might have? Thanks Peter Peter  ThompsenAccount Manager, Tri-State Accounting(698) 345 - 7843 Example 3: Very Informal In the third example, you can see a very informal email which is very similar to texting. Use this type of email only with colleagues with whom you have a close working relationship. At 11.22 01/12 0000, you wrote: Id like a suggestion for a consulting firm. How about Smith and Sons? KB Important Points to Remember Email is much less formal than a written letter. Emails are usually short and concise.If you are writing to someone you dont know, a simple Hello is adequate. Using a  salutation  such as Dear  Mr  Smith, is too formal.When writing to someone you know well, feel free to write as if you are speaking to the person.Use abbreviated verb forms (Hes, Were, Hed, etc.)Include a telephone number to the signature of the email. This will give the recipient the chance to telephone if necessary.It is not necessary to include your email address as the recipient can just reply to the email.When replying eliminate all the information that is not necessary. Only leave the sections of text that are related to your reply. This will save your reader time when reading your email. ReportsMemosEmailIntroduction to Writing Business Plans

Interview on ethical dilemma part 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interview on ethical dilemma part 2 - Essay Example She asserts that the Bible does not allow any form of human interference with human life. As such, death should not be voluntary or induced. The autonomy of a patient to choose his or her destiny as far as health is concerned fails to consider other interested factions. Thus, patients cannot decide to end their lives since repercussion run deep within the society. Euthanasia leads to wider social problems and introduces discomfort within a society. Families break due to differences in opinions regarding euthanasia. Family members of patients are required to consent to the move before it is done. In many instances, there is hardly consensus and only the decision of the patient and the majority of family members prevails. As such, the decisions leave a broken family. She further claims that different views in a family may result in depression and other health related problems. Parker accepts that patients have autonomy over their lives. She also accepts that there are many complex situations where patients suffer and have little chance of survival. However, there is no clear method to determine when to die, and whether a patient has the right to decide to stay alive or die. Some patients, especially parents or older siblings, are relied upon by children and other dependents for survival. As such, their decisions and actions directly affect others. It is important to stay alive since it gives hope to the dependents of possible healing. Ending the life of such individuals makes people lose focus and hope in life. Allowing people to decide their fate erodes the societal perception towards life. Society regards life as precious and supposed to be preserved at all times. Assisting people to take life communicates a wrong message to the society. Thus, it is imperative to treat the patient until he or she dies out of the severity of illness rather than assisting them to take their life. Doing so would

Engineering Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Engineering Management - Essay Example The significant scope of the task is to deal with a bottleneck in health recuperation center computerization techniques face. When this is finished, the existing doctor's facility automated systems can incorporate this solution to make their structure more self-sufficient. The equipment and coding skeletons, which are relied upon to give a result, will prompt complete health recuperation center automation. This structure is produced with a rich API and a skeleton so this will be adopted in any sort of requisition, which needs a modern remote input/output structure. As an illustration, in the retail business managers can utilize this structure as a simple access point. An alternate utilization of this structure is in the plant and warehouse computerization structure. Particularly, creation administrators can utilize this structure to stay informed regarding the issues on the spot(Stefanos Zenios). This approach will be an application of the scheme and is meant to give overall interfac es to any electronic biomedical instrumentation utilized within the clinic structure. Hence, this will prompt simple operation of those exceedingly specialized instruments by making information-recovering procedure practically self-sufficient. Likewise, the yield of this mission will give equipment and coding bases to the advancement of models in the specific field, which will be an extraordinary quality for the item improvement procedures and research process in the field.

The Next Catastrophe Essay Example for Free

The Next Catastrophe Essay A catastrophe is a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction or a bad situation.   This can be in the form of a terrorist activity or a disaster either God or man made.   After September 11, Business activities have been on catastrophes due to the economic implications of such disaster. Some countries in the united states and fir4st world countries are located at areas that may be prone to such economics of scale are aimed at achieving the greatest returns possible given a low cost of all factors inputs and this helps in increasing of the markets value of a company in the industry.    Catastrophic have extremely emergency economic implications to business firms because they normally destroy property, which includes machinery, building, plant and equipment and also goods in stock. The effect of three is that such property helps in the production processes, which produce outputs, to be sold in the market.   These saws gain profit, which is then shared between the company stakeholders.   These include shareholders, Debenture holders and long/short term cinders to the company. With the destruction caused by catastrophes the flow of benefits form the company to all parties in question is disturbed.   Some catastrophes are politically motivated like and September 11 is the government duty and responsibility to secure the resident and business non-resident community in the country. These are contributors to the revenue collected by the government in terms of taxation.   If business is affected by catastrophes, there work is enough sales, profit and tax to the government.   In the case of natural catastrophes government involvement is also very necessary.   Aid should be given to fund reconstruction and recovery efforts by the business community.   Companies have a right to be protected and * in case of a catastrophe because of the amounts that they combine to the government through taxation. The next catastrophe relates to the extend of preparedness to ensure that incase of a natural or artificial terrorist attack or disaster measures are in place to ensure that regardless of the exposure to catastrophes, a company will still continues to enjoy its economics to scale because there disasters negatively affect the operations of the company.   Government’s assistance is therefore very necessary in both preventive precautionary measures and after catastrophe remedy in reconstruction and recovery efforts. Lee and Perrow 39,8 1040 – 1056 The next terrorist or disaster attack may be natural thus includes earthquakes or even floods which may be very destructive or through ethnology.   This can be in the form of nature or a computerized terrorist attack.   The focus should be on how prepared everybody is including the government; measures should ensure that such could be defected in advance and corrective action taken.   People don’t have power over natural forces and their investment can be normally affected.   Government scientists should detect such and alert the business community in time in order to take necessary measures, which might include relocation nomatter the lost because a stitch in time saves nine. The government should also ensure that terrorist attacks on grounds are avoided because these are cases of another government nation individuals not happy about the governments stand or past reaction / action on some global issues and the business community ends up suffering thanks the ruling system.   As was the case for September 11. Those around times to work hard their buildings property plants and machinery brought down and hence their operations came to a standstill.   This leaned to loss of revenue, profit, terming per share went down, loans were taken to help in recovery and Goodwill of the company was destroyed.   Relationship between the company and suppliers employees, clients, and company guarantors were all not as before and the public image of such companies was messed up. The questions here is how to avoid such so that the acquired economic of scale can be utilized due to continuity of operations.   Perpetuity of business centuries also determines its extend of economies of scale both internal and external. The next catastrophe may destroy the perpetuity concept of business companies.   Business assumes that they should control to operate for the enforceable future and thus is preparing that may be due to the next disaster.   Even this is tampered with, inefficiencies and massiveness occur and therefore output is achieved at high cost especially if a firm is located at a place than is extremely exposed to calamities. The government should give growth or even funds to the companies to ensure that reserve accounts are not utilized and the balance sheet sir destabilized.   Disasters at the moment are the main source of worry to business around the United States metropolitan because they cannot be of my economic value due to the costs incurred.   After September 11, it was not easy for all entities to relocate and with the continued war on Iraq and the United states impact on the war another error attack may be due to anytime. Bush’s stand on the war of a concern to the republicans who form the business community.   Revenge by the Iraq may be expected and this will mainly be at big cities where such attackers aim to have a   maximum destruction. To the republicans, the president’s stand may be initiating another attack and businesses around these regions will be greatly affected.   Once businesses are affected this growth and development is affected and production may not be at low cost due to the funds utilized to desk with terrorist affects.   The market value to affected companied go down due to low volumes of sales, which determine profits and earnings per share. Investors may not want to invest in such areas because their return on investments may be low and may decide to invest in other parts of the world. This leads to low funds and finance for company, which is needed to make more investments and or start new project. Clarke and short (1993), 21-23 High-risk facilities like all New Jersey where major oil gas, pipeline companies and railways are located business people around that area are always worried about the past catastrophe.   These are areas where terrorists may be invested and may stake in revenge.   Business are said to be interested in one way because both product and service industries need one another for the effective and efficient performance railway lines are need for the transfer of factor inputs and outputs if they are destroyed, other means of transport may not be cheap and therefore this average cost of production may be high.   This leads to diseconomies of scale because high revenues are matched wit high costs and low profits are gained. The timings per share are reduced.   Investors may decide to buy shares of other company’s because there is no economic value due to the low comings per share.   Incase the government does not come in these costs of services may go up to the disadvantage for investors.   Location of sites in such high-risk areas may not be avoided and firms may suffer die to catastrophes that they may not have control over. Pipelines and gas companies are m* needed by manufacturing companies due to the factor inputs.   When destroyed, firms may have to look for other forms of energy, which may be liked in areas due to low supply, which cannot be matched with the existing demand.   Goodwill that has been created is no longer in one and diseconomies of scale false the company.   Unnecessary costs are incurred which violates the set budgetary expenditure, health, economies of scale. In determining the business location, many factors are considered and therefore a site may be admirable due to other factors regardless to the vulnerability of the region to catastrophes.   More disasters may be considered to be interminable so a company may decide to ignore the next catastrophe.   However, caution is that such firms together with the government should know what to do incase of a disaster because this may reverse the economics of scale.   Other factors that a company considered in choosing its site may be enabling growth and development of a company which censures low factor input costs.   Perrow (1984), 16,19. Catastrophes are normally abrupt and will be economically viable given that they may not be directly related benefit.   Average product cost goes up after including all costs that have been incurred in dealing with the catastrophe.   The prices of commodities will remain constant and exercise losses occur.   Return on investment, return on sales, and acid test varies all become unfavorable to the shareholders together with the management.   The employee may also lack motivation and thus may lead to magnificent leading to low quality or area wastages and idle time, which is very costly to the company. Lack of government involvement in a discouragement to investors because at times the finances may be available to the companies affected and the calls for governments intervention.   Business vulnerable to catastrophes should always be considered in the government budget for every year under disaster management funds.   This is what the government owes the taxpayers the next catastrophes should have very minimal impact on those affected and this will be government duty.   Business community in such areas should keep a eye on the government to ensure that they are prepared and what happened after September 11 doesn’t occur. Economic costs and time, which is valuable, should all be considered when carrying up with a catastrophe preparedness scheme?   Time lost during reconstruction and recovery may never be recounted to employees are destabilized; suppliers and company’s clients are disturbed and may lack for other clients and supply point.   This is and advantage at the expense of the affected companies. Perrow (2005) 34,2; 99 -107 Delays caused by these catastrophes may also affect the company to the unforeseeable future.   The government regulatory bodies, which include the homeland security office, should consider all these and take measures as required.   Catastrophes may require research for development purposes.   The cost for research will increase the average cost per unit and reduces profit margins.    This in itself is a diseconomy of scale, which could has been enjoyed by the company if operations were not disrupted.   The objective of all firms is to maximize revenue profit subject to factors inputs.   These research expenses may not be of use to the company immediately and will greatly affect the customers of the company and hence the objectivity of the financial statements which will greatly be affected.   It is therefore necessary for the government to fund research out of these catastrophes so that the average cost of outputs is not increased. Perrow (2007) 6 – 10 Catastrophes may lead to hanger in techniques used in production.   Relocation may also affect the enthusiasm of the employees and may not have the motivation to improve the quality of producers.   Marketing the company will also be necessary after the next catastrophe in order to improve the affected companied image.   After the next catastrophe, suppliers and consumers may also want to help away from the vulnerable region and this has a greater economic implication. After September 11, focus shifted form achieving short-term and long-term goals to the issue of safety form catastrophiles.   It is the government’s duty to ensure that its residents and foreigners in the country are secure.   Government goodwill will be showing concern for this and should be ready to take measures that impress the country allies because its such people who financially deal with the economic antis in the country.   Attention on safety is not very economically bitable even in areas prone to catastrophiles.   This leads to an ignorance of other duties that the company’s management owes the stakeholders of the company inducing increasing market value to the company in the industry. Pidgeon 5,1, 1-14 Vulnerable companies may ignore the idea of professional growth and development of its staff.   Labour is very important for a company to achieve its long tern and short-term objectives.   The human capital is therefore affected by catastrophiles as well the case for September 11.   People result to mobility and theory therefore transfer their ability to other regions that are not vulnerable.    Employee’s ability improved by working for a particular organization is provided to other firms in other regions.   The government should endure the working population that their interest are being considered by the government investment in the next catastrophe preparedness and they should therefore not seek employment else where.   Labour mollify of a diseconomy of scale because more capital will be employed in recruiting and training new staff.   This is a direct cost of production leading to high average cost of production. Ripma 5,1, 15 -23. The environment is also affected by both natural and physical catastrophiles. Jacob , Brain 13,2,34 –43 In conclusion, all business people an citizens of a particular country need a clean environment free form pollution caused by catastrophes.   The economic implication of environment should be considered in the next catastrophe.   The government’s deregularization of homeland security efforts has left many high-risk entrepreneurs to be greatly affected by catastrophiles either natural or artificial.   The government should increase funds for the next catastrophe preparedness in order to avoid the effects of all levels of the economic at domestic level because these are market and industry players. La Porte, Todd and Rochlin , 214, 221 – 227.             Reference: Clarke, L. and Perrow, C. (1996). Prosaic Organizational Failure, Thousand Oaks: The American Behaviorist, 39, 8; 1040-1056 Clarke, L. and Short F., J. (1993). Social Organization and Risk: Some Current Controversies, Pullman, Washington: Annual Review of Sociology,21-23 Heakel R. (2003). Economies of Scale. Options Express http://www.investopedia.com/articles/03/012703.asp   Retrieved on 10/19/2007 Jacobs, Brian. (2005). Urban Vulnerability: Public Management in a Changing World, Malden, MA: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 13, 2, 39-43 La Porte, R., Todd and Rochlin, G. (1994). A Rejoinder to Perrow, Cambridge, MA: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 2,4, 221-227 Perrow, C. (1984). Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies, New Jersey: Princeton University Press,16,19 Perrow, C. (2005). Organizational or Executive Failures?, Washington: Contemporary Sociology, 34, 2; 99-107 Perrow, C. (2007). The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 6-10 Pidgeon, Nick. (1997). The Limits to Safety, Culture, Politics, Learning and Man-Made Disasters, Malden, MA: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 5, 1, and 1-14 Ripma, A., Jos (1997). Complexity, Tight-Coupling and Reliability: Connecting Normal Accidents Theory and High Reliability Theory, Malden, MA: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 5,1, 15-23

Labor in Society :: Psychology Marx Capitalism Essays

Labor in Society The vision of hustling bodies performing their simple tasks in seemingly infinite repetition as part of a project too large to be understood from the particular action pervades our world to the extent that it becomes hard to imagine life without it. Indeed, the vision offers a larger narrative into which all of our experiences can fit, as if we were always just minor contributors to grand projects, where the only question is whether or not the projects are good. Marx considers this division of labor as it presents itself in society, in the form of social roles and subgroup responsibilities, as opposed to a seemingly similar order in capitalist factory organization. As a part of his wider critique of capitalism, Marx makes a distinction between the division of labor in society and in production, then uses the distinction to make capitalism appear merely contingent and vulnerable to substantial criticism. Marx delineates between the division of labor in society and in manufacture. He argues that many (or most) societies are structured with different roles for different people, â€Å"caused by differences of sex and age, a division that is consequently based on a purely physiological function† (Cap 392). This is because â€Å"different communities find different means of production †¦ which †¦ calls forth the mutual exchange of products† (Cap 393). An example might be that young men hunt and other groups perform other duties, and the community will share these goods. On the other hand, Marx claims that the division of labor in manufacture is purely a construct of capitalism. First, there is no reason that it would result from natural differences, such as physiology. Furthermore, the division â€Å"within the workshop implies the undisputed authority of the capitalist over men† (Cap 395), whereas, in the social division of labor, the work ers â€Å"acknowledge no other authority but that of competition† (Cap 395). The division of labor in manufacture is only a particular organization within the natural division of different industries. While social roles may be normal, Marx holds firmly that capitalism is not natural, neutral, or inevitable. For the division in the factory, Marx would count all of Smith’s arguments about the rationality of this mode as increases in efficiency, and thus (usually) of ‘relative surplus value’.

Dollard & Pavlov Case Study Personality Psy

Jon Britton Personality Psychology Dr Humbert Case Study #10 3-18-2013 Dollard & Pavlov The first and foremost primary drive shown by Jack is in the form of wanting to maintain a stable life. He has worked himself into a suitable position in the restaurant business and he is driven to succeed by not wanting to fail. His biggest fear is to fail and be a ‘loser’ so this is his main primary drive and it is working well for him.The way that he reduces this primary drive is he begins to take classes in college in order to advance further in the restaurant industry. These classes will enable him to get a degree and then he will be able to make more money and gain a more stable position. His primary secondary drive is roughly parallel to his primary in the sense that his fear of not succeeding is driving him to do something outside of his normal operating procedure, that is taking classes in college at an age where he feels that he is too old to do so.Once he starts to partake in the classes he finds that he is doing better than he could have imagined which further compliments the secondary drives at work. There were definitely cues which helped Jack step outside of his normal boundaries, it came in the form of hearing some of the younger people where he works talk about being in school and getting their degrees.This helped to motivate Jack in making his decision to take the classes, probably because it made him feel younger, and gave him a greater sense of accomplishment when he finally did make the decision to take the classes. The four main processes underlying the classical conditioning model according to Pavlov are unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response. These four components, can work in unison to produce the precise conditions necessary for a classical conditioning experiment / environment to take place.

Description and useful information about character Essay

1. White whiskers make Kris Kringle look like he is seventy five, but when he laughs or walks he seems to be not a day over fifty. His eyes are quick and happy, and he has a matching smile. He looks precisely like Santa Clause, and he believes he is the one. Mr. Kringle dwells in Maplewood Home for the Aged. He spends most of the time smoking his pipe or whittling the toys he has in his room. He has an uncanny way with animals. 2. Dr. Pierce is devoted to Mr. Kringle, and wants to protect him. 3. Jim likes Mr. Kringle, he is wondered at his uncanny way with animals. He has been working in the Zoo for many years already. 4. Mrs. Doris Walker is businesslike women, handsome and well-dressed. She is divorced, does not want any engagements, disappointed in close relationships. Has a daughter. 5. Mr. Shellhammer is spectacled, very much haired and bold gentleman 6. Fred Gayley is a young and attractive lawyer in one of the oldest city’s firms. Fred is filled with childlike wonder and excitement. 7. Susan is a rather serious child of six. Susan is intelligent, maybe too much so for a child of her age, but with â€Å"no gaiety about her†. Fun is a stranger to this girl. III. Summary of chapters Dr Pierce, working in Maplewood Home for the Aged tells Kris Kringle, the dweller of this facility, that he has to move to Mount Home Sanatorium. Mapplewood’s charter considers Kris to be not little out of his mind, as he claims he is Santa Claus. Kris promises Dr Pierce to give him an X-ray machine, and doctor says he will believe Kris is a real Santa, if he gets one. Mr. Kringle takes his belongings and asks his friend, Jim the zookeeper to host him. While he walks in Central Park Kris sees a Christmas Parade, and a drunken Santa. Mrs. Walker, who is responsible for the personnel of the parade, asks Mr. Kringle to substitute Santa, and he agrees. When Doris Walker comes home she sees that her daughter Susan is watching the parade with their neighbor Fred, a young lawyer. She describes her problems with Santa Claus to them. Fred takes her away and tells she should not talk about Santa like that for not to disappoint Susan. Doris says girls should not have illusions, and should not wait for Prince Charming. Fred asks her to consider he may be the sort of person she needs. Doris answers that she has burnt her fingers once. V. Most Important Events of the chapters Kris Kringle leaves Mapplewood Home for the Aged. He becomes a Santa on the Christmas Parade. Doris Walker tells about her problems with Santa Clause to her daughter. Fred tries to persuade Doris he might be the man she needs, but Doris does not believe him

buy custom Microsoft Access Security and Navigation essay

buy custom Microsoft Access Security and Navigation essay Database security is very important in database management systems. Unnecessary and unauthorized access of a confidential database may lead to the loss of very important information, unnecessary modification of data, theft, deletion and other malicious practices. The cost of losing data and the rising unauthorized access necessitate the need for more security now than ever. In an effort to enhance security of the data, various options have been provided by the database management systems. For Microsoft Access databases the options are inclusive of encryption, using a customer interface, setting up a database password, specifying user level security, setting up a module password, using the MDE format, setting up user and group accounts and assigning those privileges and specifying. User level security is a very powerful tool since it allows for the definition of data that one can access. Workgroup accounts security control gives good performance in a network environment. Using MDE format ensures that the modules and source codes are not readily available to the users. Creating navigation menus allows users to easily interact with the system. This allows them to have access to data with the most convenient speeds and commands. In Microsoft Access the types of navigation menus that can be created include the rollover menu, drop down menu, image background menus, icon menus, links, scroll bars, navigation buttons and record selectors. In designing the menus, there are a lot that need to be taken into consideration. First is the need to consider the users view of the menu. The menu should be able to satisfy the user requirements to a great deal rather that confusing him or her. Secondly, the menu names should reflect the kind of job they do or the part of the database system to be visited. The rollover menus are very good at showing the user his or her current position in the form. The menu should be in a standard format that a user easily recognizes. Buy custom Microsoft Access Security and Navigation essay

Case Study on Hr Planning

It is the country†s best recognised energy brand. Centrica is a multinational company, with businesses in many countries. Centrica was formed in 1997 and consists of eight separate energy-related businesses, ranging from the supply of gas and electricity to consumers and organisations in the UK and Europe, to storage of gas for other providers, and drain and pipe work maintenance. The UK energy market is highly dynamic. Customers look for the best deals and are increasingly prepared to switch suppliers. In 2007, 900,000 customers switched energy providers. An energy company needs to show it is not just competitive on price, but that it can also provide the right levels of customer service to attract and retain customers. British Gas does not only supply gas but also deals with the installation and maintenance of domestic central heating and appliances. It provides a maintenance and breakdown service for electrical white goods and home wiring. Through the Dyno brand, British Gas also offers drain clearing services, plumbing and home security services. To deliver these services, British Gas needs high calibre staff. It employs more than 9,000 trained gas engineers to install and maintain central heating and gas appliances. This case study explores how British Gas manages the recruitment and selection of new employees. Page 2:  The role of human resource management Managing a successful large business involves acquiring, developing and maintaining a wide range of resources. These resources include materials, buildings, land, equipment, technology and, crucially, people. Any organisation needs good employees who have the right skills to achieve the company†s aims and objectives. Human resource management (HRM) is the business function that focuses on the people aspects of an organisation. It ensures the efficient management of people in the business. It is responsible for ensuring that an organisation has the right people to deliver its overall business plan. Meeting customer needs Centrica, the parent corporation of British Gas, has to deliver long term profitability. Its shareholders expect the business to show a return on their investment by making profits, now and in the future. British Gas needs to contribute to these profits. This means consistently meeting the needs of its customers with competitively priced products and services that give good returns to the company. Residential consumers across the country are the core customer base of British Gas. These customers expect top-class service at keen prices. If British Gas does not meet this standard, the company may lose business to competitors. To ensure customer satisfaction, British Gas engineers must have the technical skills to undertake work to the required standard and the people skills to deliver good customer service. Through its engineer recruitment team, the British Gas Academy must therefore ensure that the company attracts and retains the best engineers. This involves several complementary tasks. It requires planning to assess the future needs for skilled employees at British Gas. It requires a recruitment and selection programme to bring new people into the business. It requires a training operation to equip new recruits and existing employees with the right skills. Retaining people Importantly, British Gas must also ensure that it retains its best people. It is much more cost effective to retain trained and highly skilled staff than recruit and train up new people. British Gas seeks to retain people by offering a mix of financial and non-financial benefits. As well as good pay and a pension scheme, the company provides employees with the opportunity to buy shares in Centrica and it offers a great place to work and high-class training. Page 3:  Training As an expanding business, British Gas needed to increase its workforce to meet customer demand. At the end of 2002, British Gas established the British Gas Academy. The Academy has helped to develop and refocus training facilities to handle the extra training requirement in recruiting an additional 5,000 employees into the engineering workforce. * British Gas runs an intensive apprenticeship programme. This is delivered in training centres. Trainees should expect to qualify by year five. All domestic gas engineers become fully acquainted with the latest computer-aided diagnostic technology. There are also traineeships, which provide a way for new recruits to learn about the gas industry and gain relevant skills and qualifications. British Gas provides technical training for all its engineers throughout their careers. This ensures that its employees are kept up-to-date with new information and technologies to enable them to provide the best service possible. Training does not simply focus on technical skills and knowledge. Most employees have direct contact with customers, so it is important that they have good people skills. Awareness training is provided for employees across British Gas through an online learning package. Another programme is improving staff†s cultural awareness, particularly to support the growing international operations at British Gas. Page 4:  Workforce planning Workforce planning is the process of assessing a company†s current and future labour needs. The British Gas Academies must consider not just overall employee numbers but also the skills that will be required within the business. Workforce planning also involves managing any training and recruitment process to ensure the organisation has the right staff in place. Managers at British Gas conduct a programme of forecasting to predict how much the UK market for domestic gas engineering services will grow. This helps the company decide how many additional engineers it will need in the future. British Gas makes detailed forecasts of its demand for engineering personnel for one year in advance and makes more general estimates for a further two years into the future. Factors affecting workforce planning At British Gas, workforce requirements are driven by two different demands. First, there are contract customers that have service agreements with the company. Second, there are customers who call for one-off assistance if they have a specific problem. Demand for both these services has grown. In the last three or four years, the need for engineers has expanded accordingly. This has meant that it has had to recruit more staff. There are several other factors that influence workforce planning for British Gas. Engineering skills need to be constantly updated. Health and safety issues are also critically important in the gas industry. Health and safety regulations are changing all the time and EU regulations must also be considered. Apart from regular formal training to close skills gaps to ensure engineers stay up to date with technical matters, British Gas can alert engineers about technical changes via field radio or text messaging. Engineers can work all their careers in the field until they retire. Qualified engineers may spend up to 10 years gaining their skills, qualifications and experience. They have valued practical skills that are needed to deal with equipment and customers. However, British Gas also needs suitable people for promotion to higher roles, such as management jobs. It needs managers to plan, organise and co-ordinate the teams of engineers. It therefore needs to attract and recruit a wide range of people into the organisation. Page 5:  Recruitment As part of its workforce planning, British Gas implements a diversity and inclusion strategy using tailored action plans. This means it actively seeks new recruits from a wide range of backgrounds. The need to recruit a diverse engineering workforce is seen as critical by British Gas. It plans recruitment to ensure it has a socially inclusive workforce. This is important as it will enable British Gas to reflect the diversity of its customer base. For example, it is useful to have employees from different nationalities and backgrounds to communicate with customers that do not speak English as a first language. Recruiting more women engineers may help to attract female customers. British Gas has won a national award from the Council for Registered Gas Installers (CORGI) for its efforts to encourage and attract women into the engineering workforce and into plumbing and associated trades. To dispel the myth that only men can be good engineers, British Gas runs a Georgina and the Dragon campaign for children. What British Gas recruitment programmes  have achieved  is demonstrated by various awards during 2009: * British Gas  won awards from the Local Employment Partnership in the East Midlands. The awards for â€Å"Unlocking Talent†Ã‚  and the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Outstanding LEP Achievement Award†Ã‚  recognise  the companys recruitment work with the LEP and Jobcentre Plus in the region. * British Gas has been named in the 2009  Sunday Timess 20 Best Big Companies to Work For. * The British Gas Academy won an award from Women into Science and Engineering (WISE). The award Investor in WISE   rewarded the efforts British Gas makes  to promote science,  engineering and construction  to girls and young women. Advertising British Gas tries to appeal to a varied and diverse audience when promoting its apprenticeships. To advertise opportunities widely, British Gas uses specialist Sky channels like Parliamentary Projects TV, which focuses on careers, and Passion TV, which is aimed at the black community. In print media, it uses womens magazines, publications targeted at ethnic minorities such as The Muslim Weekly as well as other careers directories for the same reason. Other channels include radio, newspapers,  British Gas website  (www. britishgasacademy. co. uk) and a DVD for schools. Recruiting gas engineers of the right level is important. Candidates for a British Gas apprenticeship must be at least 16 years old, and have a minimum of four GCSEs at grade C or above or equivalent (e. g. NVQs). However, they need more than academic qualifications, they must be able to show some aptitude for customer service, such as being able to listen to customers and understand their requirements. Application British Gas uses an online application form. To help British Gas decide an applicants suitability, this includes a value-based questionnaire. This requires responses to a series of statements about attitudes to work. There are 90 statements in all, and an applicants overall responses are rated green, amber or red. The colour reflects the attitudes the applicant has about work and people. This helps to show which roles a person is best suited to. British Gas does not take applicants with red ratings further as they may not show a fit with the company requirements. However after an initial screening, green and amber applicants are invited to an interview and assessment centre for the final selection process. Here, candidates must show evidence of qualifications, ID and driving licence. Page 6:  Selection At the British Gas assessment centre the emphasis is very much upon core competencies and life skills. Life skills are personal skills that are likely to affect the customer experience when someone is working in the field. British Gas engineers needs to show courtesy and politeness, for example. These are personal qualities that have a direct impact upon customer perception. Core competencies involve team working, interpersonal skills (such as dealing with people), motivation and responding to change. These are crucial skills that can affect the way an individual fits in and works within an organisation. Candidates attend the centre for a half-day assessment. This has three elements. The total scores from the three-part assessment help British Gas to decide who receives a job offer. Candidates are notified of the outcome within 14 days. All candidates can receive feedback. For those candidates offered a job, British Gas provides the usual job benefits including a van from the outset and a competitive starting salary. The new recruits then go on to benefit from the comprehensive programme of training through its Academy. This ensures that they are given the best start in their new careers. It also builds employee motivation and commitment to the company. Recruiting and selecting staff is an expensive process. By following a robust selection programme in this way, British Gas is able to ensure it gets the right people with the right skills. It also means it maximises the benefit from its investment. Page 7:  Conclusion Recruitment and selection at British Gas is driven by the need to maintain the competitive position of the company within the energy market. Domestic gas customers demand the very highest standards of service. They can be assured that British Gas engineers have high-level skills and expertise through its careful specification of entry qualifications followed by top quality training. British Gas also assesses the personal attributes of staff through role play and questionnaires as these influence customers perceptions of the service and the company. Great care is taken in determining the organisations future staffing needs. This drives the recruitment and selection process to ensure British Gas is seen as offering dynamic and exciting career paths for people of all backgrounds. By developing and nurturing its people, British Gas ensures that new recruits have the right qualities to help the business to compete.

Identifying Innovations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Identifying Innovations - Assignment Example The most primary innovation in this industry is the method by which music is disseminated to audiences. Where in the past physical production of CDs and tapes marked the revenue building capability for the music industry, a radical innovation of using the Internet for downloading music has altered marketing distribution for music producers and production companies. This change was not incremental, but allowed music sellers to reach audiences in a radically different way, allowing for cost-cutting in distribution and inventorying while also essentially making a new market, a characteristic of radical innovation (Kim & Mauborgne, 2005). With the Internet as a radical change in music provision, marketers can now reach a whole different consumer segment that was likely not available to music sellers historically. An incremental innovation in the case study is the method of MP3 compression that simplified the process of consumer music downloading on the Web. The ability for music sellers to use the Internet remains the same, only with new compression technologies it now becomes more convenient for existing markets of consumers. This builds a better reputation for music sellers using this technology without necessarily capturing new market attention. Finally, the ability of music recording artists to use the Internet as a means of producing their own work and distributing it via the Web is another incremental innovation in the case study. The advent of chat rooms and home recording technologies now give artists a new type of liberation as it relates to production and distribution. Technological changes with the Internet as the appropriate medium for marketing was incremental, small yet fundamental changes to how music artists promote themselves and disseminate their music. This has cost-cutting capabilities consistent with incremental innovation (Leifer, McDermott, O’Connor, Peters, Rice & Veryzer, 2000).

Write up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write up - Essay Example The focus of the company was to provide an end-to-end package of medical device contract manufacturing services. MDCM was renowned for its ability to produce highly customized versions for unique applications of specialized equipment, self designed and fabricated, used in the assembly of medical devices. MDCM is one of the largest companies in the contract manufacturing and packaging services sector of the medical devices industry. The firm’s success can highly be attributed to its close partnership with its customers that had produced tremendous customer satisfaction. MDCM’s record of winning over customers have led to its tremendous growth which allowed the company to expand and grow its geographical reach through acquisition within the country and now the company derived 40% of its revenues from eight of its largest accounts. Today despite the victory the company has achieved over the past decades, the evolving and unpredictability and high level competency in the global market, the company had announced its fifth consecutive quarterly loss with net losses amounting to thirty three million dollars. Despite the acquisition and expansion the company was not able to catch up to the global capabilities of other competitors that called for changes in growth strategy. The expansions and acquisitions could not be realized since the company has let these companies operate on their own believing that by letting these acquired companies operate on the basis of self autonomy to better cater to the local customers. Thus there was no unified system for the global MDCM Corporation that would have let it operated under one system of standard operations and procedures leading to a worst operating and profit margins. There was poor coordination since the all other companies under the corporation operates independently th at led to poorly controlled unified operations. The MDCM Inc. falls under the quadrant, responsive

Civil Litigation and Felonious Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Civil Litigation and Felonious Law - Essay Example The challenge may include persons or organizations. Upon the final ruling, compensation is awarded to the person that was affected (Kleinig, 2008). The felonious law applies in the instances of murder, beating, and assault. When the victim is declared guilty, the ruling is passed for his punished. The punishment can be incarceration in jail, fine or exceptionally death sentence. The sentence duration is based on the form of offense the executed by the accused. Judgment is made to deter further crimes since people are known to be rational (Kleinig, 2008). The former includes the collection of regulations that guide the processes in courts. This law governs various court processes that depend on the type of lawsuit. It gives a guideline by which the court is supposed to conduct a case hearing and determine what happens. The regulation maintains persistency in the case handling process. Additionally, fairness and justice are checked through the procedural law (Budewitz, 2011). Substantive law constitutes the various regulations, which guide the states’ and people’s relationships. This law outlines the multiple tasks and freedoms of the people. It entails tort, a  felony,  and laws requirements. The regulation originates from public law and the legislative regulations. Mountford (2002) suggests that lawyers use this law to establish the actual claims by plaintiff and defenses by the defendant. The claims are weighed on the procedural law to ensure justice and consistency (Budewitz, 2011). While it is possible to use procedural law in non-legal contexts, it is impossible to use substantive law in such situations.

Hybrid Pi Ce Transistor Model

Hybrid Pi Ce Transistor Model The hybrid-pi model is a popular circuit model used for analyzing the small signal behavior of bipolar junction and field effect transistors. The model can be quite accurate for low-frequency circuits and can easily be adapted for higher frequency circuits with the addition of appropriate inter-electrode capacitances and other parasitic elements. Bipolar junction (BJT) parameters The hybrid-pi model is a linearized two-port network approximation to the BJT using the small-signal base-emitter voltage vbe and collector-emitter voltage vce as independent variables, and the small-signal base current ib and collector current ic as dependent variables. Figure 1: Simplified, low-frequency hybrid-pi BJT model. A basic, low-frequency hybrid-pi model for the bipolar transistor is shown in figure 1. The various parameters are as follows. is the transconductance in siemens, evaluated in a simple mode where: is the quiescent collector current (also called the collector bias or DC collector current) is the thermal voltage, calculated from Boltzmanns constant k, the charge of an electron q, and the transistor temperature in kelvins, T. At 300 K (approximately room temperature) VT is about 26 mV (Google calculator). in ohms where: is the current gain at low frequencies (commonly called hFE). Here IB is the Q-point base current. This is a parameter specific to each transistor, and can be found on a datasheet; ÃŽÂ ² is a function of the choice of collector current. is the output resistance due to the Early effect (VA is the Early voltage). Related terms The reciprocal of the output resistance is named the output conductance . The reciprocal of gm is called the intrinsic resistance . MOSFET parameters Figure 2: Simplified, low-frequency hybrid-piMOSFET model. A basic, low-frequency hybrid-pi model for the MOSFET is shown in figure 2. The various parameters are as follows. is the transconductance in siemens, evaluated in the Shichman-Hodges model in terms of the Q-point drain current ID by (see Jaeger and Blalock): , where: ID is the quiescent drain current (also called the drain bias or DC drain current) Vth = threshold voltage and VGS = gate-to-source voltage. The combination: often is called the overdrive voltage. is the output resistance due to channel length modulation, calculated using the Shichman-Hodges model as , using the approximation for the channel length modulation parameter ÃŽÂ » . Here VE is a technology-related parameter (about 4 V/ÃŽÂ ¼m for the 65 nm technology node) and L is the length of the source-to-drain separation. The reciprocal of the output resistance is named the drain conductance . The COMMON-EMITTER CONFIGURATION (CE) is the most frequently used configuration in practical amplifier circuits, since it provides good voltage, current, and power gain. The input to the CE is applied to the base-emitter circuit and the output is taken from the collector-emitter circuit, making the emitter the element common to both input and output. The CE is set apart from the other configurations, because it is the only configuration that provides a phase reversal between input and output signals High -Frequency -pi CE transistor model The Hybrid-Pi model is a fairly accurate description of the BJT small-signal response up to GHz range. Since the common emitter circuit is considered the most important practical configuration , we seek a CE model suitable for high frequencies. Hybrid -pi or Giacoletto common emitter transistor model shown below. This circuit is quite simple and analysis of circuit using this model are not difficult and give result which are in excellent agreement with experiment at all frequencies for which the transistor gives reasonable amplification. Furthermore , the resisitive components in this circuit may be derived from the low frequencies H-parameters. All parameters (resistances and capacitances) in the model are assumed frequency invariant. Parameters may be vary with the quiescent operating point , but under given bias conditions they are reasonably constant for small signal variations. For high frequency analysis the transistor is replaced this high frequency hybrid PI-model and voltage gain and current gain , input impedances etc are determined. To find current gain Apply current divider rule to the output circuit To find input resistance Applying KVL to input circuit Vs = hie ib + hre vce Vs = ib hie + hre iL RL from equation (1) Vs = ib hie + hre Ai ib RL ( iL =Ai ib ) Substituting in equation (2) Ri = hie + hre Ai RL To find voltage gain Av = since To find output resistance Replace RL by a voltage source. Replace independent sources by internal impedance of the source Applying KC L to the output circuit. iC = hfe ib + i1 iC = hfe ib + vce hoe(4) Applying KVL to input circuit ( hie ib + hre vce) =0 substituting for ib in equation (4) substituting in equation (3) To find output resistance with RL RO1 = RO||RL Since RL is in parallel with the voltage source, total output resistance is the parallel combination of RL and RO Numerical problems Question A common emitter amplifier has the following h- parameters. hie =1KÃŽÂ ©, hre = 10-4, hfe =100, hoe = 12 µmho. Find current gain, Voltage gain, Ri, Ro, power gain. Take RL = 2KÃŽÂ ©. Also find output power take vS = 500 mV ( rms). HYBRID-p EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT To obtain Hybrid-p Equivalent circuit Consider a PNP transistor as shown above. The emitter current IE is divided in to base current IB and a component aIE of the collector current. This division of current takes place in the entire base layer at infinite number of points. For mathematical convenience, it is assumed that the division of current takes place at an imaginary terminal B1. rb1e: It is the resistance of forward biased base to emitter junction and it is the resistance offered to the flow of the current IE. rb1c: It is the resistance of reverse biased collector to base junction. The flow of current in this resistance represents the reverse saturation current Ico due to flow of minority charge carriers. rbb1: It is the resistance of the base layer for the flow of the current IB. This is called base spreading resistance because the division of emitter current is spread across the entire region. aIE: This is the current in the collector due to transistor action. When charge carriers reach the base layer from emitter, the potential gradient at the collector junction will result in the movement of the charge carriers in to the collector. This forms the current. aIE depends on the emitter current IE which inturn depends upon the voltage across base to emitter junction. Therefore, the voltage VB1E controls aIE. VB1E is the independent variable. This depends on charge carrier concentration and temperature. cb1e and cb1c: This is the stray capacitance across the two P-N junction. The reactance of the capacitor is very high at mid-frequency. Hence approximately, capacitors are replaced by open circuit (not considered). But for high frequency, the reactance becomes finite. Hence considered in the analysis. All the above terms are called Hybrid-p parameters. These parameters can be represented by the following circuit and it is called Hybrid-p equivalent circuit or Giacollette equivalent circuit. gm vb1e is the component of collector current(aie) expressed as a function of independent variable vb1e. gm is the Transconductance of the transistor. This represents ability of the transistor in transforming the input voltage vb1e in to output current.rce: rce is the internal resistance of the current source. To find Hybrid-p parameters Hybrid -p equivalent circuit Let the output terminals be short circuited . Considering mid- frequency, reactance of all capacitors becomes infinite. Therefore, all capacitors can be replaced by open circuit. rb1c is the resistance of reverse biased collector junction whose value is very high. Therefore it can be approximated to open circuit. rce is short circuited, becomes redundant. Hence can be removed To find gm where ΆIC and ΆVB1E are the changes in the currents and voltages around quiescent condition. We know that IC = aIE + ICO Since ICO is very small and a is very close to unity, Differentiating with respect to VB1E If t = 27oC (3) substituting in (1) In general In the above equation, IC represents the dc collector current or quiescent current. Its value can be found graphically by drawing the dc load line, locating the Q point on the load line and then measuring IC. OR if know the biasing arrangement of the transistor, then the circuit can be solved using biasing technique and then IC can be calculated. To find rb1e From the two port network theory, we know that vse = ib hie + hre vce (4) ic = ibhfe + hoe vce (5) OR From equation -(5) In the hybrid p equation circuit, VCE is already 0. Therefore obtain the ratio From hybrid p equation circuit and equate it to equation (6). Equating to equation (6). hfe =gm rb1e To find rbb1 From equation (4) From the hybrid-p equivalent circuit, applying KVL to input circuit. Vs = ib(rbb1 + rb1e) To find rb1c Rewriting the hybrid p equivalent circuit by neglecting all capacitances( open circuit) From equation (4) Taking ib = 0 in the hybrid-p equivalent circuit, since there is no voltage drop across rbb1, vs = vb1e. Substituting in equation (8). From the hybrid -p equivalent circuit. Applying voltage divider rule to circuit(2). rb1e is the resistance of the forward biased junction and rb1c is the resistance of the reverse biased junction. Therefore rb1e can be neglected in the denominator. To find rce From equation-(5) Applying KCL at the output terminal ic = i1 + gm vb1e + i2 substituting in the above equation Since rb1e To find Cb1C Cb1C is the junction capacitance of reverse biased collector to base junction. When a PN junction is reverse biased, the width of the depletion layer increases and capacitance decreases. Therefore Cb1C is very low of the order of few pico farads. To find Cb1e This is the capacitance of forward biased PN junction. When a PN junction is forward biased, width of the depletion layer decreases and capacitance increases. Cb1e + Cb1C = Where fT is called the transition frequency. fT = hfe fb fb is called upper cutoff frequency. fb = Numrical Problem: A transistor amplifier is operating with a dc condition of (10V,10mA). The operating temperature is 300C. The H-parameters of the transistor are hie =1Ko, hre =2.5X10-4, hfe=100, hoe=25X10-5mho. Calculate hybrid-p parameters given that CC=3PF. Take fT=1MHz. Solution References and notes ^ R.C. Jaeger and T.N. Blalock (2004). Microelectronic Circuit Design (Second Edition ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. Section 13.5, esp. Eqs. 13.19. ISBN 0-07-232099-0. ^ R.C. Jaeger and T.N. Blalock. Eq. 5.45 pp. 242 and Eq. 13.25 p. 682. ISBN 0-07-232099-0. ^ R.C. Jaeger and T.N. Blalock. Eq. 4.20 pp. 155 and Eq. 13.74 p. 702. ISBN 0-07-232099-0. ^ a b W. M. C. Sansen (2006). Analog Design Essentials. DordrechtÃŽÂ ¼: Springer. p. 0124, p. 13. ISBN 0-387-25746-2. G.B GUPTA Millman halkias

A Feminist Reading of Cheever’s The Five-Forty-Eight Essay -- Cheever

A Feminist Reading of The Five-Forty-Eight The short story "The Five-Forty-Eight" by John Cheever concerns the issue of a woman scorned by the inhumane treatment she has received by men, most notably that of Blake, whose oppression serves as the turning point in her life. This generalization is often the focus of a feminist criticism. Feminists believe that women should have equal rights as men, and they seek to "correct or supplement what they regard as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with a feminist consciousness" (Meyer 2014). In this short story, using a feminist consciousness to read the text helps to understand the reasoning behind Miss Dent's need to defeat the idea that males dominate over women. Miss Dent, who has been trodden on for so long, finally takes action against Blake who represents all of the men in her life who have mistreated her. Miss Dent is an insecure woman who has been abused and mistreated her whole life, especially by Blake. The literary critic Patrick Meanor says that "the icy and detached Mr. Blake has absolutely no natural feelings for others, especially for pathetic, wounded souls such as Miss Dent, a name that symbolizes her damaged emotional condition" (92) Critics characterize Blake as the lowest of men because of the inhumane way he treats women. The worst example of Blake's maltreatment of Miss Dent is the scene in which the two sleep together in Miss Dent's apartment. Miss Dent leaves to put something more comfortable on while Blake urges her on because "that was, after all, what he had come for" (81). Blake purposely accompanies Miss Dent into her home just to have sex with her. Under the impression that Blake has a genuine interest in her, Miss Dent allows Blak... ...like before when Miss Dent had no self-esteem or confidence, now she has some control over her life and is a stronger person for it. In "The Five-Forty-Eight," Miss Dent has prevailed in her attempt to set right the wrongs done to her and other women by men like Blake. Through a feminist's view, women in history have been considered inferior to men. Blake assumes that because he is a man, he has the right to abuse women and take advantage of them. Miss Dent does not let herself become another victim, rather she successfully takes control of her life. Works Cited Cheever, John. "The Five-Forty-Eight" An Introduction to Fiction (7th edition), eds. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia, Longman, 1999 Meanor, Patrick. John Cheever Revisited. New York: Twayne, 1995. Meyer, Liz. Feminist Consciousness and Feminist Research. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983.

How far were Mao’s agricultural policies responsible for the scale of the famine? Essay

Mao’s agricultural policies could certainly be seen as responsible for the scale of the famine or at least as a huge factor contributing towards it. Other factors, such as the conspiracy of silence, bad weather and withholding information by peasants and government officials were also partly responsible for the scale of the famine; however Mao’s policies played the biggest role in causing the scale of the famine. Collectivisation was the first agricultural policy taken on by Mao which was unsupported by the peasants in the countryside, who were the majority of the population. The policy contributed hugely to the scale of the famine as it involved joining peasant families together to farm collectively rather than individually and then sharing the food produced with the rest of the community. This, in theory, was a good idea; if the peasants worked together they could share knowledge and potentially grow more food. However, they didn’t like the policy as it meant, regardless of how much they grew individually, they would only get a set amount, and it was never enough to feed the whole family. Mao believed that many peasants were growing more food than necessary and keeping some for themselves, however this was proved not to be the case; production rate had fallen from 200 million in 1958 to 143.5 million in 1960. Mao simply didn’t trust the peasants, believing they were ‘inherently capitalist’ and were against being a communist state. The peasants resented farming collectively because they didn’t have enough land to farm their crops, as well as the fact that the authorities believed that they needed to be ‘strictly controlled and directed.’ This attitude towards them caused the peasants to be reluctant to hand over their crops to the state, however they had no choice as they were no longer allowed to farm for themselves and the grain produced went to the State instead, to feed the cities, leaving many to starve. Lysenkoism was also a huge factor that contributed to the scale of the famine. This was a theory introduced by Trofim Lysenko, a Soviet agronomist, who claimed to have discovered a new method for producing at least double the amount of crops, which involved planting crops deeper in the ground and closed together. China was heavily influenced by the work of the Soviet Union, especially Lysenko’s ideas as Mao aspired for China to be similar to them, meaning he assumed the policies they followed must work. He introduced the policy in 1958; however, the plants couldn’t grow in these conditions, causing huge famine and lack of food. Furthermore, a competition was developed during the Great Leap Forward for creating the most striking demonstrations of close planting. Most peasants took this to the extreme and planted seeds as close to each other as possible. As a result, a large amount of their crops died and what survived was taken away by the government officials, leaving the peasants with nothing to eat. Although collectivisation and Lysenkoism were the main factors leading to the scale of the famine, there were other aspects that contributed to it. Mao was determined to stay in power and refused to believe the true scale of the problem. When presented with a report on the genocide in Tibet, Mao dismissed it as a ‘collection of lies and distortions’ as it criticised the PRC. He was informed that around 15 million peasants had died due to his new policies but he was adamant that he was not to blame. Instead he blamed other external factors causing the scale of the famine, such as bad weather, uninformed local officers and greedy peasants. Other factors that also contributed to the scale of the famine included how focus was taken away from agriculture and set on industry instead. This meant that a dangerously high proportion of farm workers were diverted into steel production and a shortage of agricultural labour meant led to insufficient planting so large amounts of crops died. Another of Mao’s policies that failed was â€Å"Sparrowcide†; this was the killing of thousands of sparrows because it was claimed they ate the seeds of the crops. However the campaign against sparrows was so effective that as the number of sparrows decreased, the number of caterpillars, on which the birds did actually feed, increased so they consumed large areas of crops. On the other hand, Mao’s agricultural policies weren’t solely to blame for the scale of the famine; the conspiracy of silence also played quite a major role. Government officials knew that Lysenkoism was failing and that the targets set by Mao weren’t being met but they were too scared to speak out about it. They knew Mao would have them purged if they appeared to go against him, due to his refusal to face the facts. An example of this was when a conference was called to discuss the progress of the Great Leap Forward in Lushan, during which one official, Peng Dehuai, spoke the truth about the extent of the famine in an attempt to rectify the situation. However the other members did not support him so as not to appear that they were against Mao because they were afraid of what would happen to them and it was also said to them that criticism of the Party could lead to the collapse of its power. Because of this, some of the information on the scale of the famine was held back from Mao. At the beginning of the famine, reports of success soon became obligatory and were used for future planning. The figures were believed, resulting in communes serving over-generous meals and using up valuable food reserves on top of the State taking ownership of the food they produced. As the famine continued, officials would still report back to Beijing that the peasants were producing enough grain and the targets were being met so more and more peasants would be left to starve whilst their food was taken away to feed the urban population and to use as exports to the USSR. Furthermore, the peasants would lie about the amount of food they were producing by moving the grain around or including other food they were producing, such as fruit and vegetables, as well as all the grain they had produced. This meant that the officials would take away all the grain that the peasants had, leaving them with nothing. Therefore, some historians could argue that the peasants themselves contributed to the scale of the famine and it wasn’t just down to Mao’s policies. Although Lysenkoism is seen to be one of the biggest factors leading to the scale of the famine, the failure of Lysenkoism wasn’t entirely Mao’s fault. Lysenko’s theory on how to increase productivity was false and, although it could be argued that the failing of this policy was inevitable, China was heavily influenced by Soviet scientists. They were influenced into believing that Lysenko’s theories were right and he could do no wrong and this propaganda would have led Mao to believe the policies would benefit his county. The peasants were also influenced into believing that Mao could do no wrong, so many believed that the new policies would save them, rather than send them further into famine. Additionally, there were some factors contributing to the scale of the famine that Mao couldn’t have controlled, such as bad weather and natural disasters, such as floods. During 1959, China suffered a lot of bad weather and floods that destroyed large amounts of land and crops and in 1960 an estimated 60% of agricultural land in northern China received no rain at all. Mao blamed the scale of the famine on this, although this was far from being the sole reason for the scale of it. It could be argued that if Mao had not forced the peasants to follow Lysenkoism, the plants may have had a better chance of surviving, despite the weather. To conclude, I feel that Mao’s agricultural policies were the biggest factors that caused the scale of the famine, as the lack of food only started after they had been introduced. Policies such as Lysenkoism and large communes meant that crops weren’t growing properly and that the peasants didn’t have enough to eat even before the State started to claim them to feed the urban population, besides other policies. However, there were other contributing factors that led to the scale of the famine, the main one being the conspiracy of silence. The officials were been terrified of Mao’s punishments, so would have told him whatever he wanted to hear to avoid them. Some historians argue that if the officials hadn’t lied, and instead told Mao the extent of the famine, he would have been forced to accept he must rectify his mistakes, and change the policies. However, as the officials were lying to him, there is a possibility he genuinely may have not known the scale of the famine and therefore not seen the need to change anything. On the other hand, Mao had very little knowledge of agriculture in the first place and set ridiculously high goals for the amount of grain that the peasants were expected to produce. He didn’t realise that the peasants didn’t have the correct methods or enough land to produce the correct amount of grain. If he hadn’t set such ambitious goals in the first place, the officials wouldn’t have had to lie to him to cover up his mistakes, so the majority of the scale of the famine should be placed on Mao’s agricultural policies.